Post-war Italy became a fertile ground for brutalist architecture, where stark new concrete forms reshaped urban landscapes with bold and experimental landmarks.

While some housing estates in Central and Eastern Europe are being renovated or demolished, their original residents remain undaunted. They have lived through the buildings' golden years and darker times; they are the estates.

Prefabricated panel constructions quickly and efficiently provided new homes for expanding city populations after World War II. In the late 1950s, ‘One flat per family’ became, by decree, a priority for Nikita Khrushchev.

The ‘sleeping districts’ are homes to the vast majority of Muscovites and the monumental cityscapes they form are beyond striking.

A photographic insight into the socialist-era architecture of the former Eastern Bloc and its concrete suburbs.

Like other Soviet-era monotowns (or Моногород), Norilsk was designed around a single industry in a remote part of the Soviet Union.